试论建立检察机关职权保障机制

建立和完善检察机关行使职权的法律保障机制 ,是深化检察改革、完备检察机关职权的重要一环。因此 ,为保障检察权行使的有效性、高效性和正确性 ,应完善检察机关诉讼监督的程序立法 ,增加必要的法律手段 ;强化上下级检察机关之间的垂直领导关系 ;改革检察官管理制度 ,实现检察官队伍的专业化。     

When private governance impedes multilateralism: The case of international pesticide governance

Private standards play an increasingly important governance role, yet their effects on state-led policymaking remain understudied. We examine how the operation of private agricultural standards influences multilateral pesticide governance with a particular focus on the listing of substances under the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, a treaty-based information-sharing mechanism that allows countries to refuse hazardous chemical imports. We find that private agricultural standard-setting bodies use the Rotterdam Convention's pesticide list to develop their own lists of banned substances. This alters the Rotterdam Convention's intended role, impeding efforts to add substances to the treaty, as attempts by private actors to impose stricter governance than state actors can undermine the potential for international state-based governance to become more stringent. We characterize this as a “confounding interaction” whereby institutional linkages between actions by public and private actors with broadly aligned goals results in unexpected negative consequences for governance.     

技术权威与数字时代的国际技术竞争

在国际技术竞争中，技术权威既非构建于利益交换关系之上，又不依靠强制胁迫的方式来维系，而是通过锁定技术发展轨道与治理规则路径赢得其他国家的自愿追随，由此形成非对称服从关系。技术权威可划分为知识型、监管型、辐射型与借力型四种类型，不同技术权威类型之间可通过技术跃迁与市场规模拓展来实现转换。在移动通信技术领域，拥有不同技术权威类型的国家分别通过实体路径、市场路径、制度路径与联盟路径参与国际技术竞争，借助技术领域中的锁定效应巩固其在国际技术竞争中的优势地位，直至出现颠覆性技术的突破。